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High or Low? |
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Long or Short? |
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Loud or Soft? |
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Fast or Slow? |
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Accented Notes? |
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p (piano) = soft |
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f (forte) = loud |
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m (mezzo) = half, medium |
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ff
fortissimo very loud |
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f
forte loud |
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mf
mezzo forte medium loud |
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mp
mezzo piano medium soft |
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p
piano soft |
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pp
pianissimo very soft |
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crescendo = gradually louder |
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decrescendo or diminuendo = gradually softer |
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Varies from approximately 30 - 240 beats per
minute |
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Largo
broad 43-47 |
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Adagio
slow
52-58 |
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Andante
medium slow 59-66 |
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Moderato
moderate 77-89 |
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Allegro
fast
106-119 |
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Vivace
lively
120-138 |
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Selections from |
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Nutcracker Ballet |
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ritardando = rit. =
gradually slower |
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accelerando = accel. = gradually faster |
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Noteheads - Whole Notes |
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Stems |
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Flags |
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Beams |
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Dotted Notes |
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Involves pulse, meter, tempo, and note values |
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The combination of strong and weak pulses form a
recurring pattern known as meter. |
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Duple: ONE - two, etc. |
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Triple: ONE - two -three, etc. |
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Quadruple: ONE -two-three-four, etc. |
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Music is divided into bars or measures by means
of vertical lines called barlines. |
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A notation placed at the beginning of a
composition |
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Indicates the number of beats per measure and
the type of note receiving the beat. |
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Usually the first beat of each measure is the
strongest. |
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Hemiola – Shifting of the accent pattern from
what is expected. |
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Syncopation – Emphasis on the normally weak
beats. |
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Various time signatures and meters. |
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A group of tones sounded in sequence that
together make a meaningful whole |
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Melody is the horizontal component of music |
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Results from the simultaneous occurrence of
musical tones |
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Harmony is the vertical
component of music |
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Three or more notes sounded simultaneously |
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Consonance |
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“Pleasing” Harmony |
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Dissonance |
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“Harsh” Harmony |
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One part (usually the highest) predominates |
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The purpose of the remaining parts is to provide
the harmony |
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Characterized by the interweaving of two or more
melodically and rhythmically indepen-dent parts |
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A series of tones within an octave arranged in
either ascending or descending order |
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How many tones? |
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Chinese = 5 |
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Arabs = 17 |
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Indians = 22 |
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Western music = 12 |
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Consists of all the notes on a piano (black and
white) within an octave |
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The pitch difference or interval between any two
adjacent notes on a piano. |
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The pitch
difference or interval between any two adjacent white notes separated by a
black note on the piano, or two semitones. |
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Used to identify the black notes on the piano |
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Function - Raises desig-nated note by a semitone |
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Symbol - # |
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Direction - “Play the black note to the right” |
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Function - Lowers desig-nated note by a semitone |
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Symbol - |
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Direction - “Play the black note to the left” |
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Used when one or more notes are always either
sharp or flat throughout a composition |
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Placed on the staff at the beginning |
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Function - Cancels a flat or sharp sign |
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Symbol - |
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Direction - “Play the white note instead of the
black” |
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The factor for octaves is 2 |
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Hear pitch in ratios |
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The factor for semitones is Ö2 » 1.059463... |
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Unison |
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Octave |
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11 intervals in between |
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Table 10.3 in text |
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Notes